Publications

2026

1. Journal

   PNNL-TUNAMELT: Toward automating the detection of interactions with marine energy devices using acoustic camera sensors

   Theodore Nowak, Garrett Staines, and Blerim Abdullai

   Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2026

   Abs Bib HTML Code

   Abstract Acoustic cameras, or imaging sonars, are often used to monitor marine energy sites in regions where the water is too dark or turbid for optical sensing. To do so more effectively, scientists are investigating automated detection methodologies to use on these data. However, prior work has found that existing automated detection approaches struggle with the dynamic image background around marine energy devices—such as moving turbine blades. While open-access datasets, methods, and standard evaluation metrics are needed to quickly develop and compare novel automated detection methods, none yet exist for this domain. Using previously collected data, in this work we created a labeled dataset of possible marine life interactions in acoustic camera video around an operating tidal turbine. We call this dataset the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory dataset for Tracking Underwater Nautical Activity around Marine Energy LocaTions or PNNL TUNAMELT dataset. In addition to this dataset, we developed an automated detection pipeline which filters noise from the acoustic camera imagery and then performs object detection to identify possible targets. To analyze our automated detection pipeline, we used a series of common detection and classification metrics. In doing so, we found that our pipeline detected 98% of targets and removed 70% of target-less frames in our dataset. These results illustrate our method’s potential utility as an aid to a human analyst tasked with extracting targets of interest from the dataset. Finally, we openly release our labeled dataset and all associated code to support and encourage future work in this domain.

   @article{nowak_lom_2026,
     author = {Nowak, Theodore and Staines, Garrett and Abdullai, Blerim},
     title = {PNNL-TUNAMELT: Toward automating the detection of interactions with marine energy devices using acoustic camera sensors},
     journal = {Limnology and Oceanography: Methods},
     year = {2026},
     volume = {n/a},
     number = {n/a},
     pages = {e70024},
     doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70024},
     url = {https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lom3.70024},
     eprint = {https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lom3.70024},
   }

2025

1. Standards

   IEEE P7003 Standard for Algorithmic Bias Considerations

   Gerlinde Weger, and et al

   IEEE Standards Association, Jan 2025

   Bib HTML

   @article{ieee-p7003,
     title = {IEEE P7003 Standard for Algorithmic Bias Considerations},
     author = {Weger, Gerlinde and al, et},
     journal = {IEEE Standards Association},
     year = {2025},
     month = jan,
     day = {24},
     doi = {10.1109/IEEESTD.2025.10851955}
   }

2024

1. Conference

   Enabling Autonomous Management of Drifting Underwater Floats with an ASV

   Trevor W. Harrison, Aaron Marburg, Mitchell Scott, and 5 more authors

   In OCEANS 2024 - Halifax, Jan 2024

   Bib HTML

   @inproceedings{10754147,
     author = {Harrison, Trevor W. and Marburg, Aaron and Scott, Mitchell and Maheshwari, Deven and Noe, Jessica and Pickett, Madison and Cavagnaro, Robert J. and Nowak, Theodore},
     booktitle = {OCEANS 2024 - Halifax},
     title = {Enabling Autonomous Management of Drifting Underwater Floats with an ASV},
     year = {2024},
     volume = {},
     number = {},
     pages = {1-8},
     keywords = {Meters;Sea surface;Target tracking;Mechatronics;Navigation;Robot vision systems;Sea measurements;Sampling methods;Surface treatment;Robots;floats;ASV;autonomy;robotic sampling},
     doi = {10.1109/OCEANS55160.2024.10754147},
   }

2023

1. Pre-Print

   A Theoretical Perspective on Subnetwork Contributions to Adversarial Robustness

   Jovon Craig, Josh Andle, Theodore S. Nowak, and 1 more author

   Jan 2023

   HTML

2022

1. Controlled

   AdvPose: Generating Realistic Adversarial Scenes Through Object Pose Manipulation

   Theodore S. Nowak, and Eric B. Slyman

   Sponsor Report, Jan 2022

   Bib

   @article{advpose,
     title = {AdvPose: Generating Realistic Adversarial Scenes Through Object Pose Manipulation},
     author = {Nowak, Theodore S. and Slyman, Eric B.},
     journal = {Sponsor Report},
     year = {2022}
   }

2020

1. Controlled

   Adversarial Attacks Against LiDAR: Exploring the Vulnerabilities of LiDAR and Point Cloud-based Deep Learning Models

   Theodore S. Nowak

   Sponsor Report, Jan 2020

   Bib

   @article{adv-lidar,
     title = {Adversarial Attacks Against LiDAR: Exploring the Vulnerabilities of LiDAR and Point Cloud-based Deep Learning Models},
     author = {Nowak, Theodore S.},
     journal = {Sponsor Report},
     year = {2020}
   }

2018

1. Pre-Print

   Deep Net Triage: Assessing the Criticality of Network Layers by Structural Compression

   Theodore S. Nowak, and Jason J. Corso

   Arxiv, Jan 2018

   arXiv Bib HTML PDF Poster

   @article{deep-net-triage,
     author = {Nowak, Theodore S. and Corso, Jason J.},
     title = {Deep Net Triage: Assessing the Criticality of Network Layers by Structural Compression},
     journal = {Arxiv},
     volume = {abs/1801.04651},
     year = {2018},
     archiveprefix = {arXiv},
   }

2015

1. Journal

   Seizure reduction through interneuron-mediated entrainment using low frequency optical stimulation

   Thomas P. Ladas, Chia-Chu Chiang, Luis E. Gonzalez-Reyes, and 2 more authors

   Experimental neurology, Jan 2015

   Bib HTML PDF

   @article{ladas-seizure,
     title = {Seizure reduction through interneuron-mediated entrainment using low frequency optical stimulation},
     author = {Ladas, Thomas P. and Chiang, Chia-Chu and Gonzalez-Reyes, Luis E. and Nowak, Theodore S. and Durand, Dominique M.},
     journal = {Experimental neurology},
     volume = {269},
     pages = {120--132},
     year = {2015},
     publisher = {Elsevier},
   }